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Internal structure of macroscopic charcoal under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) shows the presence of fibres and vessels structure, which is a typical characteristic of wood from trees.
Abstract:
The sedimentary deposits of the Lower Paleolithic to Neolithic sites situated in the Belan valley, north-central India offer a unique opportunity to understand the linkage between the prehistoric human environment and fire events. This is the first study to analyse macroscopic charcoal particles from 64 paleosols collected from six archaeological sites in the Belan valley to reconstruct fire activity. Accumulation of macroscopic charcoal particles in woody ecosystem during period of high rainfall, which likely suppressed natural forest fire, suggests prehistoric human-induced fire occurred during ~55 to 50 ka at the Main Belan archaeological site. Comparison with other records of human-induced fire suggests that the Belan valley's record is the first known and reported evidence of fire used by prehistoric humans during the Middle Paleolithic phase from the Indian subcontinent. Fire activity peaked during the Early to Mid-Holocene (~10 to 5 ka) period, which overlaps with the timing of agricultural practices in the Belan valley. The use of fire was persistent from Middle Paleolithic to Neolithic, which suggests a smooth transfer of knowledge from the earlier prehistoric populations to the later farming communities. The global compilation of fire records from archaeological sites also suggests that the prehistoric humans exploited and controlled fire more regularly and frequently since the Middle Pleistocene.
A. Temporal variation in CHAR values (coloured traingle) in each site. The black line represents the three point moving-average of the CHAR values. B. The temporal variation in δDC29 values (Jha et al., 2020). C. The temporal variation in δ13CC29 values (Jha et al., 2020). D. The temporal variation in the number of archaeological sites during the Late Middle to Upper Paleolithic and Early Neolithic phases (Sharma et al., 1980; Misra, 1997; Jha et al., 2020). The δDC29 and δ13CC29 values suggest a change in rainfall conditions and vegetation composition in the Belan valley (Jha et al., 2020). The comparison among fire, climate and vegetation coupled with archaeological evidence suggests that the prehistoric humans of the Belan valley were using fire during the Middle Paleolithic phase.
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